The branch of genomics that determines the biological function and complex association of the genes and their products depicts the functional genomics. The measurable degree of these parameters through various processes and equipment inclusive of Next generation sequencing, Personalized genome sequencing and mi-RNA sequencing utilizing cellular entities to predict SNP biomarkers, immunofluorescent biomarkers, oxidative stress biomarkers, si-RNA and mi-RNA will aid in better understanding of the disease outcome. The cytogenetic biomarkers are a feasible diagnostic tool to detect DNA and chromatin damage. The newly emerged discipline in the field of cytogenetic and functional genomics is Molecular imaging biomarkers, aids in better visualization of the cellular function and the follow-up of the molecular process in living organisms without penetrance. Roche Diagnostics, GlaxoSmithKline, Siemens Healthcare, GE Healthcare and Merck & Co are a few of the key players in this market. The functional genomics and cytogenetic market is estimated to reach 150M$ by 2017.

The Biomarkers finds its valuable application in the field of Clinical research and development through case study and data management. The Bioethics and intellectual property right establishes the norms and standard of conduct of hypothesis with respect to clinical validation of biomarkers. The incorporation of biomarker in clinical trials for various disease conditions will put forth a valid diagnostic and therapeutic approach utilizing even the medical devices to detect clinical biomarkers. Currently this is the booming industry. Most of the reputed organizations like Pfizer, Parexel and Quintiles are into clinical research and development. The companies, hospitals and clinical research organizations are the hot spots for conducting clinical research with its growth rate increasing exponentially by an estimated 75B$ by 2016.

Biomarkers play a critical role in disease diagnosis and treatment, especially for the early detection of cancer, to enable screening of asymptomatic populations. Recent omics technologies, such as transcriptomics, genomics and proteomics approaches besides Metabonomics are accelerating the rate of biomarker discovery. The incorporation of techniques like microarray data analysis, computational biology, data mining methods, Transcriptomics and profiling techniques are playing a crucial role in the validation of biomarkers. Since the Human Genome Project was completed in April 2003, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have contributed toward a greater understanding of the genetic basis of complex diseases and advances in high-throughput technologies. This has enabled researchers to rapidly map the genome of vertebrates, invertebrates and pathogens through cost-effective methods.The applications of Bioinformatics tool in biomarker research is the current emerging field promoting better diagnosable parameters. The global omics market was valued at nearly $2.8 billion in 2011, nearly $3.2 billion in 2012, and is forecast to grow to nearly $7.5 billion by 2017 after increasing at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 18.7%. The omics technology segment holds the largest share of ~75% of the biomarker discovery market, primarily due to the increase in adoption of proteomics and genomics technologies, globally.

Biomarkers of exposure are important in toxicology, because they are an indicator of internal exposure and genetic susceptibility to drug and chemicals or the amount of chemical exposure that has resulted in absorption into the body. Significant advances have been made in the development of analytical methods which can detect and quantify the presence of many natural or synthetic toxins or their breakdown products in a biological matrix. The ability to accurately measure biomarkers of exposure depends upon an adequate understanding of the chemistry and toxicology of the substance under consideration. Epigenetic biomarkers also mark the degree of exposure to toxicodynamic and pharmacodynamics parameters in pathological and biochemical changes occurring due to exposure to external harmful agents. This field of study is emerging and gaining importance especially in the industry sector with an estimate of more than 7,287 personnel conducting study across the globe.

Biomarkers are the characteristic biological measurable indictors for the various disorders if occurring in abnormal levels. These are used as quantitative entities for neurological disorders, genetic disorders, metabolic disorders, cardiac disorders and inborn errors. The present era is focusing on the cancer research utilizing biomarkers as indictor of disease conditions. The lung cancer biomarkers and biomarkers for breast cancer are inclusive of genes, enzymes, proteins and cell surface entitles. Registering a compound annual growth rate of 14.60% from 2011 to 2018, the market for oncology biomarkers was valued at $13.16 billion in 2011 and is expected to be worth $29.78 billion in 2018.

Biomarkers are the existing biomolecular and integral indictors of disease condition of biological systems. The techniques used to identify and maximize the expression of biomarkers include RT-PCR genotyping, molecular imaging and dynamics, biochemical assay and profiling, immunological techniques and chromatographic techniques. A wider approach towards identification of biomarkers lies in the proteomic approach besides utilizing biosensors as a compatible tool for evaluation of biomarker levels in the biological systems. Most of the companies focus on generating cost effective durable profiling techniques and equipment to quantify biomarkers within a short span of time. Johnson & Johnson, GlaxoSmithKline Plc., GE Healthcare, Affymetrix Inc., Bio-Rad Laboratories Inc. are a few of the key players in this market. Partnerships, agreements, collaborations, & mergers and acquisitions are the key business strategies adopted by market participants to ensure their growth in the market.

Nanoscience is the study of structures and materials on the scale of nanometers. Nanotechnology may be able to create many new materials and devices with a vast range of applications, such as in medicine, electronics, biomaterials energy production, and consumer products. Nanotechnology is evolving rapidly. An estimated 1 million workers in R&D and production are involved in the field of nanoscience and nanomaterial generation. Interaction of biomarkers with nanoparticles aids in identification and validation through biological and biomedical applications. Current market holds nanodevices and nanomaterial for identification, quantifying, calibrating and even in surgeries. The US leads the world in investing and in the number of “Nanotech Companies. Global consumption of nanomaterial is expected to grow in unit terms from nearly 225,060 metric tons in 2014 to nearly 584,984 metric tons in 2019, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 21.1% for the period of 2014 to 2019.